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Theology Essays - Catholic Theology, Jesus, God, Sola Fide

Religious philosophy Numerous youngsters are raised as Catholics and remain Catholics, while numerous kids grow up to detest the religion. Should guardians press their kids to be Catholic? Can't their youngsters lead great and satisfying lives without the philosophical things achieved when one decides to get strict? What is the distinction that an ecclesial confidence in Jesus Christ makes for an individual and for the world? Having confidence in God gives individuals constant ethics, direction and something to trust in other than possibility. Ethics are diverse in each general public and change after some time as people groups' qualities and perspectives change. In spite of the fact that agnostics can have great ethics, their standards may change after some time. Rather than following what is happening in our general public, having confidence in God and his ways gives constant ethics that are constantly proper and harmony everlasting. It gives Catholics security realizing that what they are doing is correct. ?Jesus utilized these invitational and provocative types of discourse ? apothegms and illustrations ? to undercut regular methods of seeing and living, and to welcome his listeners to exchange method of life.?(Borg, p. 75) How individuals see life and what they have faith in decide how they will carry on with their life. Having set ethics imparted in them through Catholicism, kids might be increasingly disposed to be acceptable. Being raised a specific way doesn't ensure that an individual will follow what they were r aised to accept. Bringing up a youngster as Catholic however makes an individual progressively inclined to having an idealistic existence. Likewise, ethics give Catholic families a stay. At the point when everybody has confidence in similar ethics it makes solidarity and keeps harmony. Following God's ways as indicated by Borg is ?The tight way, the manner in which less voyage, is the elective astuteness of Jesus.? The manner in which less voyaged is life in the soul and the existence that Jesus himself knew. ?Our way of life's common knowledge doesn't avow the truth of the Spirit; the main reality about which it is sure is the noticeable universe of our normal experience.?(Borg, p. 87) Atheists seek the material world for reason and satisfaction. They measure their self-esteem as indicated by how well they achieved these qualities dependent on realism, and if succeed they may discover the prizes not satisfying. Living the manner in which less voyaged is carrying on with a real existence focused in Christ in anticipation of satisfaction through Christ that did not depend on realism. Catholics feel they generally have somebody (God), somebody that will never double-cross them and that will at long last make them content. Having confidence in God gives us direction. As we settle on choices ordinary, we here and there get befuddled on what we ought to do. At these occasions, we can go to God and figure what might Jesus do? While a few choices might be as little as whether to keep the cash when a clerk gives you an excess of progress back, different choices might be groundbreaking. ?In the message and action of Jesus, we see an elective social vision: a network molded not by the ethos and governmental issues of virtue, however by the ethos and legislative issues of empathy.? Jesus had confidence in sympathy. He didn't feel that it was all in all correct to have a virtue framework that either made you great or downright terrible. The immaculateness framework said that on the off chance that you were a gentile, not entire (uncleanliness, harmed gonads or missing penis), female, poor and so forth., you were debased. Jesus didn't feel this was reasonable. He conflicted with this and aided those thought abou t unclean and even feasted with them. Having a position on empathy prompted a general public where everybody is incorporated. Despite the fact that the vast majority of society had faith in the virtue framework, Jesus settled on the choice to conflict with what he accepted wasn't right. Because something is custom doesn't make it right. Catholics can take a gander at the activities of Jesus and apply how he settled on his decisions to their own life realizing that their choice will be ethically right. While nonbelievers simply trust that things will end up being admirably, Catholics accept that their will is in God's grasp. Since Catholics accept this, they get a feeling of harmony realizing that whatever occurs, positive or negative, it is in God's grasp and is for their

Sample TOEFL Integrated Essay Usefulness of Coal

Sample TOEFL Integrated Essay Usefulness of Coal Sample TOEFL Integrated EssayThe QuestionThis integrated question is taken from a Korean textbook (Hackers Actual Test) which you probably cant buy. I am unable to provide the lecture and reading here for you, but if you need some practice tests I strongly recommend buying the Official TOEFL iBT Tests Collection. Its an excellent source of practice questions!Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this page. This service is a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the big day. Sign up today.The Sample EssayThe reading and the lecture are both about the effectiveness of coal as an energy source. The author of the reading believes that coal remains a very useful source of energy. The lecturer casts doubt on the claims made in the article. She thinks that coal has serious effects on both humans and the world around them, and therefore should no lon ger be used.First of all, the author claims that prices of other energy sources, such as fossil fuels, have increased dramatically. He notes that we have limited reserves of such fuel sources, but that coal exists in huge quantities. This point is challenged by the lecturer. She says that coal is an inefficient means of energy production in comparison to all other alternatives. She points out that for this reason coal should not be used, even though it is cheaper than other fuel sources.Secondly, the author states that coal is a reliable fuel source which has been used for hundreds of years. He argues that because coal has been used for such a long period, humans have discovered the most effective ways to utilize it. This argument is rebutted by the lecturer. She suggests that coal is known to pollute water supplies. She elaborates on this by mentioning that coal must be washed and prepared using toxic chemicals which are injected into underground mines after use. This, she says, pu ts water supplies at risk.Secondly, the author states that coal is a reliable fuel source which has been used for hundreds of years. He argues that because coal has been burned for such a long period, humans have discovered the most effective ways to utilize it. This argument is rebutted by the lecturer. She suggests that coal is known to pollute water supplies. She elaborates on this by mentioning that coal must be washed and prepared using toxic chemicals which are injected into underground mines after use. She posits that this puts water supplies at risk.NoteThis is a sample TOEFL personal preference essay written by a native speaker. It follows our TOEFL writing templates for integrated essays. If you find it useful, please remember that we have many more sample essaysfor you to read!

Wilson Murder Trial, Huntsville 1992

At almost exactly 9:30 p.m. on the evening of May 22, 1992, Huntsville police were notified by the 911 dispatcher of a possible burglary in progress with an injured victim at the scene. The location was Boulder Circle, an affluent neighborhood nestled among the mountains overlooking Huntsville, Alabama. The Victim is Beaten to Death Within minutes of arriving on the scene, police discovered the body of a male victim, identified as well-liked local ophthalmologist Dr. Jack Wilson, lying in the upstairs hallway. Wilson had been brutally murdered, apparently with a baseball bat found lying nearby. Homicide detectives began searching every square inch of the house and grounds. A police dog was brought in to sniff out possible evidence police might not catch with the naked eye. As they began the tedious task of trying to determine what had happened, none of them realized they were about to become involved in the most notorious murder case in Huntsvilles history. Reconstructing the Events By canvassing neighbors and reconstructing the events, police determined that Dr. Wilson left his office around 4 p.m. and came home. After changing his clothes, he went outside to his front yard where neighbors reported seeing him using a baseball bat to drive a political campaign sign in the ground at approximately 4:30 p.m. He then took a stepladder from the garage and carried it to the upstairs hallway where he removed a smoke detector that was later found lying on the bed, disassembled. At this point, police theorized Wilson was surprised by someone who was already in the house. The unknown assailant grabbed the baseball bat and began beating the doctor. After the doctor collapsed to the floor, the assailant proceeded to stab him twice with a knife. While the crime had originally been reported as a possible burglary, it had none of the typical signs: There were no open drawers, no ransacked closets, no overturned furniture. Without evidence of a break-in or theft, the case was beginning to look more like an â€Å"inside job.† Police theorized that it was someone who knew the doctors habits and had access to his home that had killed him. The Doctors Wife Had an Alibi Dr. Wilsons widow, Betty, was initially too distraught to be questioned, however, later investigation revealed shed had lunch with her husband that day around noon. Dr. Wilson went back to his office and Betty spent much of the rest of her day shopping in preparation for a trip theyd planned to take the next morning. After attending an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting that evening, she returned home at about 9:30—where she discovered her husband’s body. She went to a neighbors home and they called 911. By using credit card receipts and eyewitnesses, the police were able to verify Betty Wilson’s whereabouts for the entire day, except for one 30-minute period at around 2:30 p.m. and another between 5 and 5:30 p.m. Other family members were checked out as well but all appeared to have solid alibis. A Break in the Case The first break for the investigators came when the Shelby County Sheriffs Office passed on a tip theyd received a week prior to the murder. A woman had called, concerned about her friend James White, whom while drunk, had bragged about plans to kill a doctor in Huntsville. While Whites story was jumbled, what emerged was that he was supposedly infatuated with a woman named Peggy Lowe whod recruited him to murder her twin sisters husband. The caller admitted that she doubted the story. â€Å"White liked to talk big when he was drinking and lately he had been drunk almost all the time.† Nevertheless, she was concerned enough to pass what shed heard on to police. After the Huntsville Police learned of the tip it took only minutes to establish that Peggy Lowe was Betty Wilson’s twin sister. Investigators decided it was time to pay James White a visit. The Hitman Tells His Story James Dennison White was a 42-year-old Vietnam veteran who had a history of mental disorders and antisocial behavior caused largely by drug and alcohol abuse. One of his last mental evaluations described him as suffering from delusions and the inability to separate fact from fantasy. White had been incarcerated in a number of mental institutions as well as jail. While serving time for selling drugs, White escaped. He was captured almost a year later in Arkansas, where he was involved in kidnapping a man and his wife. When questioned by detectives, White initially denied everything but slowly, as the evening and night wore on, he began to contradict himself, spinning a web of half-truths, lies, and fantasies. He first denied knowing Peggy Lowe—and then admitted to knowing her. He denied knowing Betty Wilson, then said he was going to do some work for her. Gradually a pattern emerged. As White would get caught in a contradiction, hed admit to that thing but continued to deny everything else. It was a type of behavior that was typical to most criminal investigations. Detectives understood from experience that getting White to admit the truth was going to be a long, drawn-out process. Whites Confession Finally, just as the sun was peeking over the horizon, White broke down. Though it would take several months, as well as numerous subsequent confessions to get him to tell the whole story, White basically confessed to being hired by Peggy Lowe and Betty Wilson to kill Dr. Jack Wilson. White claimed to have met Peggy Lowe at the elementary school where she worked and where he had worked as a part-time handyman. According to White, it was after hed done some work at Betty Wilsons house that became infatuated with him and started spending hours on the phone with him. She gradually began to talk about her husband—and to hint that she would like to see him killed. A short time later, while Betty had dropped the subject of her husband, she mentioned that her sister wanted to hire a â€Å"hit† man. White said, pretending to play along, he knew someone whod do it for $20,000. Betty Lowe told him that was too much money since her sister was practically broke. Finally, they agreed on a price of $5,000. White told police Peggy Lowe gave him a plastic bag containing half the sum in small bills. Gradually, as Whites story evolved, it included phone calls between him and the sisters, the twins giving him a gun, a trip to Guntersville to pick up expense money inside a library book, and finally, meeting Betty Wilson in Huntsville to get more expense money. The Day of the Crime On the day of the murder, White claimed Betty Wilson met him in the parking lot of a nearby shopping center and drove him to her home where he waited for two hours until Dr. Wilson arrived. White maintained he was unarmed at the time. He later stated that his experiences in Vietnam had soured him on guns. Instead, hed brought along a long rope. White said that although he remembered struggling with Wilson over the baseball bat, he did not remember killing the doctor. After the murder, he said Betty Wilson came to the house, picked him up, and drove him back to the shopping center. He then retrieved his truck, drove back to Vincent, and went out drinking with his brother. As proof of his story, White led police to his home where a gun registered to Betty Wilson and a book from the Huntsville Public Library were found. (Meanwhile, a source close to the case described White after he was brought back to Huntsville, as being in â€Å"physical agony, almost climbing the walls, and begging to be given his medicine.† The medicine—allegedly Lithium—was withheld because it was in a different bottle than it originally came in and White did not have a prescription for it.) The Arrests are Made While White was unsure about dates, times, and specific events and it would take time to sort the story out, detectives felt there was enough evidence to arrest the twin sisters. The news of Betty Wilson’s arrest for the murder of her husband exploded like a bombshell in Huntsville. Not only was she a well-known socialite, but her husband’s estate was rumored to be worth almost six million dollars. Adding fuel to the fire was the report that Betty had helped host a fundraiser for a popular political figure the night before the murder. Huntsville is a small town, especially during political seasons. Gossip spread so quickly that daily newspapers were already out of date when they hit the streets. By piercing the juicy tidbits together, a portrait of Betty Wilson as a cold-blooded murderess began to take shape. Rumor had it shed always been a â€Å"gold digger†Ã¢â‚¬â€and that shed been heard cursing her husband. (Dr. Wilson suffered Crohns disease—a chronic inflammation of the digestive tract that often leads to unpleasant bowel-related symptoms, which his wife allegedly found to be a huge turn-off.) Most damning, however, was the talk that centered on her alleged numerous sexual liaisons. Political Ploys When the news media caught up with the story, they pursued it with a vengeance. Newspapers, magazines, and television shows from across the country began following the story and reporters seemed to be competing against one another to see who could come up with the most salacious version of events. When members of the D.A.’s office and the sheriff’s office began leaking information to the press, it became clear they were trying to leverage the case for political advantage. The situation became even more politicized when the D.A. agreed to a controversial plea bargain for White, which would give him life, with parole possible in seven years, in exchange for helping convict the sisters. Pundits later claimed the plea bargain spelled the end of the D.A.s political career. Murder Charges For Betty Wilson and Peggy Lowe At the hearing, the prosecution successfully argued that Betty Wilson being the beneficiary of her husbands will and the fact shed engaged in sexual affairs was enough to prove motive for murder. James Whites tape-recorded confession provided the evidence. After a brief hearing, both sisters were ordered to stand trial for murder. Peggy Lowe was granted bond and released after her neighbors in Vincent put their homes up for security. Betty Wilson was denied bond and remained in the Madison County jail until her trial. A short time later, Dr. Wilsons family filed suit to deny Betty Wilson access to his estate. Despite the posturing going on from all sides, many legal analysts began to doubt that the prosecution really had enough to convict. There was no eyewitness testimony to corroborate that James White and Betty Wilson had been together at any time and there was no physical evidence linking White to the crime scene. Another major headache for both sides was Whites constantly changing stories in which hed describe events one day and offer a completely different version the following week. Manufactured Evidence? Perhaps James White was thinking along similar lines because he suddenly recalled a fact that he claimed not to have remembered before. White said on the night of the crime, hed changed clothes in the Wilson house and placed them in a plastic bag, along with the rope and knife, and hid them under a rock a few feet from the swimming pool. The bag was allegedly the same one in which hed received the money from Peggy Lowe. Although the clothes and bag were found exactly where White said they would be, forensic pathologists were never able to establish if they had been bloodstained, or if they actually belonged to White. Officials later explained the clothes not being found during the initial search because the police dog had been suffering from allergies. The clothes were to become one of the biggest mysteries of the case. No one seriously believed they could have been missed during the initial search. Even members of the Huntsville Police expressed skepticism—albeit off the record. Although he eventually was offered the plea deal, many believed White had gotten someone to plant the clothes in an attempt to bolster his credibility and escape the electric chair. A Media Feeding Frenzy By this time the case of the Evil Twins had captured national attention. The Wall Street Journal, the Washington Times, and People magazine ran lengthy articles. Tabloid TV shows including Hard Copy and Inside Edition ran features stories. When two national television networks expressed interest in making a movie, agents descended on Huntsville and bought up movie rights from most of the parties involved. As summer wore on, even the most impartial observers began to take sides. Never in the history of Huntsville had a case generated so much controversy and news coverage. Due to the publicity, the judge ordered the trial venue moved to Tuscaloosa. The Trial of Betty Wilson When Betty Wilsons murder trial finally began, the case boiled down to one simple question: Who was telling the truth, Betty Wilson or James White? The prosecution argued it was a case of murder for hire. The defense said the fact that White did not carry a weapon with him made the story suspect.The prosecution argued Whites testimony was credible. The defense argued White had changed his confessions so many times it could not be believed. They further argued that he had molded his testimony to fit the prosecutions case in order to escape a possible death sentence.The prosecution argued Whites testimony was corroborated by records of phone calls and the library book. The defense maintained there were other explanations that could introduce reasonable doubt.The prosecution argued the gun was given to White by Betty Wilson and Peggy Lowe. The defense claimed he stole the gun and offered the fact that the empty box the gun came in, along with shells, was found in the home afterward.The prosecution offered a witness who claimed to have seen James White and Betty Wilson near the murder scene within 30 minutes of one another. The defe nse argued the witness was not credible because shed been unable to pick White out of a lineup.The prosecution claimed the timeline proved their case. The defense argued the timeline did not fit.The prosecution offered a witness who testified that Betty Wilson had talked about wanting to kill her husband. The defense argued the story was not credible because it had happened almost six years earlier and the woman had continued to be friends with Betty Wilson.The defense offered a witness who stated shed received a message from Dr. Wilson on her answering machine after the alleged time of death. The prosecution argued the call could have been made earlier. Painted With a Damning Brush Regardless of the hard evidence, everyone agreed that the central focus of the prosecution’s case was to depict Betty Wilson as a cold, immoral woman who wanted her husband dead. To prove this they paraded a stream of witnesses who testified about hearing her curse and belittle her husband. Other witnesses testified to having knowledge of Betty Wilson taking men to her home for sexual liaisons. Perhaps the most dramatic part of the trial came when a black former city employee took the stand and testified to having had relations with the defendant. Although the prosecution denied playing the race card, observers of the trial all agreed it had the same effect. The case went to the jury at 12:28 on Tuesday, March 2, 1993. After deliberating the rest of the day and much of the following day, the jury returned a guilty verdict. (Jurors later revealed the deciding factor in their decision was the telephone records.) Betty Wilson was sentenced to life imprisonment, without the possibility of parole. The Trial of Peggy Lowe Six months later, Peggy Lowe stood trial for her alleged part in the murder for hire. Much of the evidence was a near repeat of that used during her sister’s trial, with the same witnesses making the same testimony. New to the case, however, was testimony by expert witnesses who stated it was possible that two people might have been involved in the murder. Citing the lack of blood splatters on the walls, the experts theorized the murder probably occurred some other place than the hallway and was caused by something other than a baseball bat. For the defense, the most crucial moment likely occurred when White testified that Betty Wilson picked him up at the murder scene between 6 and 6:30 p.m. on the day in question—a full hour later than he had previously testified. If the jurors believed this version of White’s story, it would have been impossible for Betty Wilson to have participated. The biggest difference in the trials, however, were the women being tried. While Betty Wilson was vilified as the quintessential Jezabel, Lowe was portrayed as a virtuous, compassionate, church-going woman who was constantly helping people less fortunate. While it had been difficult to get people to testify as character witnesses for Betty Wilson, the jurors in Lowes trial heard from a steady parade of witnesses extolling her virtues. It took only two hours and 11 minutes of deliberation for the jury to find Peggy Lowe not guilty. In this trial, jurors cited White’s lack of credibility as the major deciding factor. According to the Associated Press, Lowe said of the verdict, †³I asked the Lord to send me a good lawyer and he did, while the prosecutor explained ruefully that trying to convict her had been akin to â€Å"fighting God.† The Aftermath Although Peggy Lowe can never be tried again thanks to the rules of double jeopardy, the fact remains that its almost impossible for one sister to be innocent of the crime and the other guilty. Betty Wilson is serving out her sentence of life without parole at the Julia Tutwiler Prison in Wetumpka, Alabama. She works in the sewing department and spends her free time writing to her supporters. She has since remarried. Her sister served as her maid of honor for the prison ceremony and the two remain close. Her case is being appealed. Both sisters continue to maintain their innocence. James White is serving a life sentence at an institution in Springville, Alabama, where he is attending trade school and receiving counseling for drug and alcohol abuse. In 1994, he recanted his story of the twins’ involvement but later pled the Fifth Amendment when questioned about it in court. He will be eligible for parole in the year 2020.

Virgil s The Iliad And The Odyssey - 1403 Words

Virgil s Aeneid takes a character form Homer’s Odyssey and constructs a life for him beyond Homer’s ideas. It is quite obvious that Virgil was heavily influenced by both Homer’s writings, The Iliad and the Odyssey. Both stories tell of parallel journeys home from Troy at the end of the Trojan War. Homer’s Odysseus is returning to Greece and the family he left behind ten years ago. Virgil’s Aeneas, in contrast has been given a direct command by the God, Mercury to create a new Empire. Both men set out on their ships, into the Mediterranean Sea, and both encounter mythical creatures along the way. Sirens and harpies respectively curse and unsuccessfully attempt to lure the men off course. Bad weather however is noted to blow both ships off course. Aeneas lands on an island and lives with the beautiful Dido for a period of time, putting his journey to found a new city on hold. Similarly, Odysseus remained on the Island of Cyclops with the beautiful Calypso for several years, only leaving when the Gods command him to. The love in not everlasting and both tales tell of the men subsequently abandon their loving women waiting for them at home. Throughout their respective journeys, Aeneas and Odysseus both make trips into the underworld. Aeneas goes with a guide and spends his time in Hades reflecting on the past and his future goals. Odysseus went alone into the Underworld and was only able to see the past (the Trojan War and those who died there). The visits of both heroesShow MoreRelatedComparison Of Virgil s The Aeneid, The Iliad And Homer s `` The Odyssey `` Essay1155 Words   |  5 Pagesand the outcome will remain the same. The idea of being able to control one’s own fate is laughed at. This idea of a definite destiny is found in both Virgil’s â€Å"The Aeneid† and Homer’s â€Å"The Odyssey.† Both hero’s lives are shaped by their destiny and it forces them to make difficult decisions. In â€Å"The Odyssey† Homer presents us with an epic hero, Odysseus. A man who fought in the Trojan War and won. All he wants is to return home and be with his family. He was given a prophecy by the seer TiresiasRead MoreGreek Mythology1294 Words   |  6 Pagesessays. Required Texts: 1) Aeschylus, Oresteia, trans. C. Collard (Oxford World s Classics) 2) Euripides, Bacchae, trans. Paul Woodruff (Hackett) 3) Hesiod, Works and Days and Theogony, trans. Stanley Lombardo (Hackett) 4) Homer, The Iliad, trans. Robert Fitzgerald (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux) 5) Homer, The Odyssey, trans. Robert Fitzgerald (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux) 6) Virgil, The Aeneid, trans. R. Fitzgerald (Vintage, 1990) Lectures: Tuesdays and ThursdaysRead MoreAeneid Analysis789 Words   |  4 PagesAeneid By Virgil Written 19 B.C.E Translated by John Dryden Analysis Jazymn Talley SNHU Analysis The intention of Virgil s poem, Aeneid, is to romanticize the origins of the Roman Empire. Aeneid shares many characteristic to Grecian writer Homer s Epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. Much of Roman culture is modeled after or inspired by the Greeks, especially the arts. Roman art, writings, religion, and celebrations were on the rise as they experienced a time of rest, enabling themRead MoreGreek Epics873 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivations, it tells the society conditions and the civilization of that history period. Homer; the authors of The Iliad and The Odyssey; and Vergil; the authors of The Aeneid are two of the greatest writers in ancient western civilization. There are heroes in these three literatures to reflect the society and culture: Achilles, Odysseus and Aeneid. The Iliad and the Odyssey are two of the oldest ancient literatures by Homer in around 8th century B.C. (Homer, 2012). According to Redfield (1975)Read MoreComparing The Underworld Of Homer And Virgil1744 Words   |  7 PagesThe Differing Views of the Underworld of Homer and Virgil In both Homer’s Odyssey and Virgil’s Aeneid, the heroes make the dauntless adventure into the underworld. Both of theses visits occur around the middle of the stories, and they bring information about the lives of heroes loved ones. The heroes also get very important information from these loved ones; information that they require to continue on their journeys. However these are not the only things that are similar about the heroes visitsRead MoreComparing The Iliad And The Odyssey905 Words   |  4 PagesThis short essay will identify five traditional epic characteristics that are evident in both the Iliad and the Odyssey. The first epic characteristic evident in both epics is catalogs and genealogies. For instance, Book VIII of the Odyssey features a list of participants in the game (115-125) and the Iliad Book II features a catalog of ships (484-759). Secondly, both epics start in media res. The Odyssey starts ten years after the Trojan War and the Illiad starts nine years after the start of the warRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1060 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Hateful to me as the gates of Hades is that man who hides one thing in his heart and speaks another.† (The Iliad pg.405) The quote is relevant to the stories Homer created during the period of the Trojan War. Homer orally performed two of his best works The Iliad and The Odyssey. Homer’s stories are old and probably translated differently than their original telling. Homer’s The Iliad and The Odyssey still show the basic human emotions and are an inspiration to other authors, poets, and oral presentersRead MoreBiography Of Ancient Greek Poet Homer2350 Words   |  10 PagesJohnathan Kennedy World Literature 212-WID3 Monday,Wednesday/8:30pm-9:45pm Research Paper #1 March 28,2016 Biography of Ancient Greek Poet Homer Homer was an unbelievable antiquated Greek writer who composed the stories, the Iliad and the Odyssey. These stories were a piece of Western ordinance of writing and extraordinarily affected the historical backdrop of writing. The real time and area of his living is still questionable. The old Greek antiquarian, Herodotus evaluated that HomerRead MoreThe Aeneid By Publius Virgilius Maro1712 Words   |  7 PagesThe Aeneid was written by Publius Virgilius Maro, also referred to as Virgil. He was a Roman man born in northern Italy, in around 70 B.C.E. Virgil, who known for his poetry, especially his earliest work, wrote The Aeneid which was known as his greatest work. His gained his knowledge from studying Greek and Roman authors. Although Virgil studied both cultures his work was more so influenced by the Greek culture, his work was written with the use of common themes that Greek writers used for so manyRead MoreThe Aeneid By Virgil Is An Epic War Poetry1472 Words   |  6 PagesTh e Aeneid by Virgil is an epic war poetry written in the 19 B.C.E based on the Trojan War. The poem narrates a story of a Trojan who visited Italy where he came the Romans’ ancestor. In the context of the poem, gods have much quoted manipulating; plotting and working against humans they abhor (Virgil Ferry, n.d.). Despite the god s cunning behaviors, their actions end up putting destiny back on its proper course. Gods, future, and fate are essential aspects of Greek epic poetry .in most Greek

Application of Leadership Skills Free Essays

Application of Leadership Concepts When faced with challenge of conflicting timing, my team tried to use the negotiation process to negotiate with our client. We offered incentives like planning activities to entertainment them between their clients dismissal time and the time the youths could come and we focus on meeting their needs which was the lack of transport, by offering to finding alternative transport. My team and I displayed two out of five personalities in the big 5 model during our crisis. We will write a custom essay sample on Application of Leadership Skills or any similar topic only for you Order Now They were currency and openness to experience. After our client pulled out, we had high-energy level and determination in finding another organization to work with us. For example, we sourced and called many other organizations. In addition, we were also flexible and intelligent in tweaking our original project and coming up with alternative ideas to solve the problems we were facing. For example changing a day event to a night event because the youths were only able to execute the project in the evening. When coming up with alternative solutions and back-up plans, my team adopted the assuage-receiving process in which we listened to everybody suggestions, analyses them critically and shared honest feedback on the feasibility of each other’s ideas. This proved that the team did not group think. Throughout the process, we bared in mind the need to be open to feedbacks and criticisms, which allowed us to be more effective. Although there were functional conflicts during the process, the leader and the rest of the members would act as the mediator where collaboration instead of avoiding, competition and accommodating is encouraged. We are a self-managed team. This is evident when we share and rotate leadership responsibilities in the different areas. For example, some people was in charged of communications with external organization, while others where in charged of administrative matter. My team was generally effective as a group in solving the problem that we faced. There was no social loafing as everyone stepped up and undertook responsibilities when needed to. Members took the initiative to take lead in different areas, which meant that there has to be strong team cohesion and high task interdependence, because each member was responsible of each area they handled and has to be relied upon by other members for overall input. The team also displayed positive interpersonal relationship through support, collaboration, trust, open and honest communication between team members during critics, feedbacks and difficult times. There was an overall Job satisfaction and members enjoyed being on the team. This is shown by the enthusiasm of team members when coming up with solutions when How to cite Application of Leadership Skills, Papers

Robert Frost Essays (1753 words) - Robert Frost, Henry David Thoreau

Robert Frost Robert Frost is one of the few twentieth century poets to receive critical acclaim and popular acceptance (Magill 728). His simplistic style appeals to the novice and expert poetry reader alike. Robert Frosts understated emotional appeal attracts readers of all literary levels. Frost develops subtly stated emotions and a clever use of imagery in his poetry. Influences on his poetry include his family, work, and other life experiences (Oxford 267). Frost also works to develop iambic pentameter using simple language, in an attempt to effectively portray the New England lifestyle (Magill 723). Frost successfully blends classic poetry and a modern simplicity to create a new generation of poetry lovers. Frosts poetry is greatly influenced by his life experiences. To understand his poetry, it seems necessary to understand the man himself. Ironically enough, the famed New England poet is born on the West Coast and named for a Confederate general. Robert Lee Frost is born on March 26, 1874 in San Francisco. He is the first child of Isabelle and William Prescott Frost Jr. (Oxford 267). His father dies when he is eleven, prompting him to move to Lawrence, MA to live with his grandparents. Although he seems bright, young Frost dislikes academics and drops out of school in each of his first three years (Poirier). Frost eventually graduates second in his high school class and attends, and later teaches at prestigious colleges and universities, such as Dartmouth and Harvard (Oxford 269). However, unwilling to commit his life solely to academic pursuits, Frost seeks a simpler lifestyle, working at such jobs as bobbin boy at a mill, making shoes, editing, teaching, and farming (Oxford 267). Th is craftsmanship affects his writing. Frost seeks to put complex meaning into each of his poems, while each verse remains as simple and honest as an axe or hoe. Frost uses this simple writing style throughout his poetic career. Frost combines this unadorned style with an ability to blend common language with artistic expressions. Frost first learns the beauty of the straightforward, manner of speech from the rural people of New England: On his New Hampshire farm he discovered this in the character of a man with whom he used to drive along the country roads, (Braithewaite). His first books, A Boys Will and North of Boston, which reflect this discovery are published in 1914 and gain him instant status as a unique and talented poet (Braithewaite). Frost wrote these books after he had moved to England in 1912 to pursue a full time writing career and upon his return to America in 1915. He is pleasantly surprised to find his poetry gaining popularity among poetry readers. Many critics also delight in this promising young poet. Poetic scholars marvel at his exceptional ability to learn from the best English and American poets, while at the same time retaining his own identity (Braithewaite). Robert Frost studies poetry for years, practicing and refining his own style. He assumes the qualities of each poet that he enjoys most, and fuses them with his own (Braithewaite). For example, much of Frosts poetry is written in iambic pentameter. He attempts to listen to New Englanders naturally iambic rhythm and adopt it into his poetry (Magill 726). By using iambic pentameter, Frost shows that ordinary people can talk and argue within a medium that William Shakespeare and John Milton in the 16th and 17th Centuries had reserved for aristocrats and angels (Thompson 142). Such authors and poets as Shelley, Wordsworth, and Emerson also influence Frost (Blaithewaite). However, by far the most influential writer on Frosts is another famous New England naturalist, Hen ry David Thoreau (Denouden). Many critics have discussed the connection between Frost and Thoreau. Frost read Thoreaus Walden several times during the course of his life. The subject matter that each writer addresses often concerns Mother Nature. It cannot be denied that Frost and Thoreau are great admirers of Nature (Denouden). Each writer uses nature as a prevalent subject in his or her works. Frost and Thoreau share great optimism for nature in their writing, yet they are also aware of the complexity nature brings upon them. Frost and Thoreau both partake in nature in their lives and writings, and their works are filled

Female Sexuality and Gender Politics in A fine, A private Place by Diane Ackerman and Play

Female Sexuality and Gender Politics in A fine, A private Place by Diane Ackerman and Play The poems â€Å"A fine, A private Place† by Diane Ackerman and â€Å"Play-by-Play† by Joan Murray are both concerned with the theme of female sexuality. â€Å"A Fine, A Private Place† utilizes the third person narrative voice to express the memories of a woman who fondly remembers a lovemaking experience she had with an unidentified male lover by the shores of an unidentified ocean/sea.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Female Sexuality and Gender Politics in â€Å"A fine, A private Place† by Diane Ackerman and â€Å"Play-by-Play† by Joan Murray specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the woman reminiscing was at first none the wiser about her lover’s intentions – he had to ask twice before she could understand the nature of his request and intensions (first stanza), and before she realized his manhood was hard: an indication of lovemaking desire. However, the subseque nt lovemaking experience as reflected from the woman’s voice was mutually consented, and the lovers made love intensely and with deep feelings for each other. In â€Å"Play-by-Play†, the omniscient narrator poses rhetorical questions as the narrator watches a group of men playing softball and analyses the secrete sexual thoughts and desires of the women nearby(both old and young), as they secretly admire the men’s bodies and reflect on the men’s sexual appeal. The two poems suggest that female sexuality can be, and is, as expressive as male sexuality. In â€Å"A Fine, A private Place†, the female voice expresses the desires and thoughts of a woman during and after a lovemaking experience. These reminisces convey the idea that the female partner is not a passive player during the act of lovemaking, but is an equal partner with emotions and desires too, which have to be fulfilled and catered for in the entire lovemaking process. The male player remai ns unnamed and unidentified – ironically, the last line of stanza three has the woman wondering who the man was, yet the woman is able to make love to a point of female climax and complete satisfaction. In the last line of stanza four, the woman reaches her climax as her loins roar and she pants in climactic excitement. The fact that the woman is able to be expressive sexually with a male who is not necessarily her husband portrays a woman who has taken control of her sexuality. The woman in the poem is not tied down to certain societal expectations that women should be a passive player in both the courting/dating scene and in the act of sex/lovemaking itself (Markle 48). The woman in â€Å"A fine, A Private Place† is sexually expressive and is able to take charge of her sexual desires and her own path to sexual fulfillment. In the poem â€Å"Play-by-Play†, the omniscient narrator also highlights the sexuality of a woman being as expressive as that of a man. In the first line of the first stanza, the narrator wonders whether it would surprise the young men playing softball to discover that the women around them are admiring and discussing their sexual appeal.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the second stanza, the narrator further asks rhetorically, but poignantly, whether the men would take offence (as many women do) if they were to know that the women were lusting after them. In these expressive questions, the narrator brings outs the voice of women’s sexuality that has been previously unheard of or ignored. The questions point to the fact that the woman’s desire for sex and the pre-lovemaking bodily admiration for a potential lover is not a preserve of men. The narrator is not condoning the act of men looking lustily at a woman, as men have been doing for generations. However, the narrator brings out the fact that a woman, too, has very similar feelings and even lusts for her lover, only that the woman prefers to do her sexual longing and lusts in a manner that does not necessarily cause her potential lover public humiliation- a point men should borrow. The narrator in â€Å"Play-by-Play† further busts the female sexuality myth that has long been held – that once a woman reaches her sixties, (past menopause); her sexual desire is non-existent. The omniscient narrator indicates that the old women in their sixties who are also watching the men play softball are actively analyzing the sexual appeal of the softball players, just as much as the young virile women drinking wine and reading books a little further in the field. The narrator further vouches for the women in their sixties as being the best-placed persons to speak on the matter of a man’s sexual appeal, since, as the narrator states in the second stanza; their experience has been horned through years of being with different lovers. Again, the fact that these women in their sixties are shown as not having been involved with one lover – or one husband, but are portrayed as having experimented with different lovers, depicts female sexuality as not dissimilar to that of men. The act of old men admiring young women is considered ‘natural’ in a macho male society, but in the poem â€Å"Play-by-Play†, the old women are comfortably admiring young men, and have had different lovers, just as men in their sixties would. These women represent a sexually expressive generation of women. Similarly, in the poem â€Å"A Fine, A private Place†, the woman reminiscing on her lovemaking encounter also highlights that, by virtue of her reminiscing, she is currently not in contact with that particular lover. Additionally, one can speculate that she has made love to other men, or is currently courting another man, thus her sexual experiences are varied; therefore, the woman is sexually liberated. Therefore, both the poems â€Å"A Fine, A Private Place,† and â€Å"Play-by-Play† portray female sexuality in a much different light than what female sexuality has been thought of, especially by men keen to preserve the status quo and relegate women to secondary and passive roles in sex and lovemaking situations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Female Sexuality and Gender Politics in â€Å"A fine, A private Place† by Diane Ackerman and â€Å"Play-by-Play† by Joan Murray specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because sexuality is dictated by various historical, social, political, and economic factors, sexuality can be, and has been, used as a tool to subjugate women in all these realms. The subjugation has always been propagated on the myth that women are not sexually expressive. The matter of consent before a lovemaking act has been tackled in â€Å"A Fine, A Priva te Place†. The woman’s lover is portrayed as being mindful of his lover’s feelings and satisfaction throughout the lovemaking process. In the first stanza, he asks twice before he obtains consent from the woman, and throughout and after the lovemaking act, he further seeks to know whether she is fine and satisfied. Since sexuality is dictated by gender roles, the secondary role of the woman in society is usually transferred to the lovemaking process and her consent on whether she desires to make love or not is never sought – she is viewed as being ever ready, or is expected to be ever ready. This mentality plays a role in men not being overly concerned with the beastly act of rape or defilement. The poem â€Å"A Fine, A private Place† vouches for seeking the consent of the woman, and the woman’s equal status in the lovemaking process. Therefore, sexual expressiveness is parallel to women’s liberation and development within the society. Furthermore, because the woman is expected to play a subservient role in sex, her opinion on whether her lover or husband uses a condom and on the more significant way of family planning is ignored. In both poems, sexual expressiveness in the women in the poems points to the need for the women to be recognized as equal partners in not only the lovemaking process, but also in the significant issue of family planning. Women in many third world countries are saddled with child after child even when their mental and physical energies for child bearing and rearing are exhausted (Manderson, Rae Bennett, and Sheldrake 184). This occurs due to the social and political norms in such countries that reinforce the notion that women have no role in the entire family making process. The family making process is intimately linked to sex and sexuality, thus women’s sexuality is an important social, political, and economic entity. Such practices leave the women in these countries socially, p olitically, and economically disadvantaged. In conclusion, the poems â€Å"A Fine A Private Place† and â€Å"Play-by-Play† portray female sexuality as present, real, expressive, and even honorable. The role of a woman as an equal partner to the man in the sexual realm, as the poems advocate, is the first step in achieving social, political, and economic advancement for women.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Manderson, Lenore, Rae Bennett, Linda, and Sheldrake, Michelle. Sex, Social Institutions, and Social Structure: Anthropological Contributions to the Study of Sexuality. Annual Review of Sex Research 10.6 (1999): 184. Markle, Gail. Can Women Have Sex Like a Man? Sexual Scripts in Sex and the City. Sexuality Culture 12.1 (2008): 45-57.

The Conditional Tense of Spanish

The Conditional Tense of Spanish Just as in English, the conditional tense of verbs in Spanish is difficult to classify. Unlike the past, future and present tenses, it doesnt always refer to a particular period of time. And while its name suggests that it is used when theres a condition involved, in Spanish it also has some close connections with the future tense. In fact, in Spanish, the conditional tense is known as both el condicional and el futuro hipotà ©tico (the hypothetical future). The conditional also has various uses that dont at first glance seem closely related. But the connection among them is that verbs in the conditional dont refer to events that definitely or necessarily have happened or are happening. In other words, the conditional tense refers to acts that can be seen as hypothetical in nature. Conditional Tense Often Translates English 'Would' Fortunately for those of us who speak English, the theory is fairly easy to apply, since the conditional tense can usually be understood as the Spanish verb form that is used to translate English would verb forms. In most cases where we use would in English we use the conditional in Spanish, and vice versa. As long as you remember the rare exceptions, you wont go wrong often by thinking of the conditional as the would tense. Here are some examples (in boldface) of the conditional tense in use: No comerà ­a una hamburguesa porque no como animales. (I wouldnt eat a hamburger because I dont eat animals.)Si pudiese, vivirà ­a en Guadalajara. (If I could, I would live in Guadalajara.)Hay seis pelà ­culas que yo pagarà ­a por ver. (There are six films I would pay to see.) Here are the major usages of the conditional that can be understood by using the English would. If the explanations are confusing, read the examples for clarification: Using the Conditional for Actions Conditioned on Something Else Another way of putting this is that the conditional indicates the possibility of an action related to specific circumstances. The circumstances (that is, the condition) can be stated, but they dont have to be. Note the following examples, with the conditional verb in boldface: Si tuviera dinero, irà ­a al cine. (If I had money, I would go to the movies. The condition is having money. In this case, the condition in Spanish is stated in the imperfect subjunctive, as is very common. It is also stated in the subjunctive in the English sentence, and this is one of the few constructions where the subjunctive form is still used in English today.)Yo comerà ­a la comida, pero soy vegetariano. (I would eat the meal, but Im vegetarian. (he condition is being a vegetarian.)Marà ­a habrà ­a venido, pero su madre estaba enferma. (Mary would have come, but her mother was sick. The condition is her mothers sickness. This sentence is in the conditional perfect form, using the conditional tense of haber followed by the past participle.)Marà ­a habrà ­a venido. Mary would have come. (This sentence is the same as the one above, but without the condition explicitly stated. The condition would have to be inferred from the context.)Con ms dinero, yo ganarà ­a. With more m oney, I would win. (The condition is having money. This is a case where a condition is expressed without using si.) Yo no hablarà ­a con ella. (I wouldnt talk with her. The condition is unstated.) Using the Conditional in a Dependent Clause Following a Past Tense Sometimes, the conditional is used in a dependent clause that follows a main clause that uses a past-tense verb. In such cases, the conditional tense is used to describe an event that might have happened after the event in the main clause. A few examples should help clarify this usage: Dijo que sentirà ­amos enfermos. (He said that we would feel sick. In this case, feeling sick happened, or might have happened or will happen, after he made his statement. Note that in such a sentence construction, the que, or that, doesnt always have to be translated into English.)Supe que yo saldrà ­a. (I knew I would leave. As in the above sentence, the act of leaving isnt connected to a specific period of time, except that it takes place, or could take place, at some time after the knowing.)Me prometià ³ que ganarà ­an. (She promised me they would win. Again, we cant tell from this sentence whether they actually won, but if they did it came after the promise.) Using the Conditional for Requests The conditional can also be used to make requests or some statements sound less blunt. Me gustarà ­a salir. I would like to leave. (This sounds gentler than Quiero salir, I want to leave.) ¿Podrà ­as obtener un coche? (Would you be able to get a car?) Note that querer in the subjunctive is sometimes used in a similar way: Quisiera un taco, por favor. I would like a taco, please. Conjugating the Conditional Tense For regular verbs, the conditional tense is formed by adding a suffix to the infinitive. The same suffixes are used for -ar, -er, and -ir verbs. Hablar is used here as an example: hablarà ­a (I would speak)hablarà ­as (you would speak)hablarà ­a (you/she/he/it would speak)hablarà ­amos (we would speak)hablarà ­ais (you would speak)hablarà ­an (you/they would speak) Key Takeaways As its name suggests, the Spanish conditional tense is typically used, like would, to indicate that a verbs action that is conditioned on some other event, which need not be explicitly stated.The conditional tense can refer to real or hypothetical actions in past, present, and future.The same method is used to form the conditional tense for all regular verbs, regardless of whether they are -ar, -er, or -ir verbs.

King Lear - Free topic (your choice) Research Paper

King Lear - Free topic (your choice) - Research Paper Example Themes in Alice in Wonderland Throughout the course of Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland, Alice goes via a mixture of bizarre physical changes. The discomfort that she experiences acts as a symbol for the changes that manifest amid puberty in which she finds the changes as traumatic and experiences discomfort, frustration, and sadness (Chastain 23). Alice constantly finds herself in circumstances in which she risks death, and whereas these threats never materialize, they point out that death lurks behind the absurd events encountered during Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Death may be a significant threat, and Alice starts to comprehend that the threats she encounters may not be entirely absurd. Themes in Wasteland The major themes in Waste Land themes encompass death, rebirth, the seasons, lust, and love. Death in the poem can translate to mean life whereby in dying a being can shape the way for fresh lives. The Christ images within the poem, accompanied by numerous re ligious metaphors, hypothesize rebirth and resurrection as key themes. Eliot’s vision remains essentially of a world that is neither living nor dying; to discontinue the spell, a dramatic change is necessary (Bloom 250). The depiction of that spring as cruel can be regarded as a surprising choice on Eliot’s part; although can bear regarded as a paradox it shapes the rest of the poem to a significant degree. What generates life equally heralds death; the seasons vary, altering from one state to another, although, like history they maintain some form of stasis. In the end, Eliot’s Waste Land can be regarded as almost season less without rain, of real change, and of propagation. Themes in Dubliners Restrictive routines, plus the tedious, mundane details of each day mark the lives of Joyce’s Dubliners and entrap them within circles of disappointment, self-control, and violence (Ingersoll 21). Routine impacts on characters that face who face difficulty predica ments, but it also impacts on characters who bear little open conflict in their lives. Farrington’s work reflects his social and home life yielding his anger, and abusive behaviour, to worsen. With his explosive physical reactions, Farrington mirrors more than any other characters the brutal ramifications of a repetitive existence. The Interconnection of Life and Death Dubliners opens with â€Å"The Sisters† that examines death and the process of memorizing the dead, and close with â€Å"The Dead,† which appeals to the tranquil of the snow that envelops the dead, plus the living. These narratives bookend the collection and highlight regular focus on the meeting point between life and death. The encounters depicted in meeting the newly dead and living, as is the case of â€Å"A Painful Case,† unreservedly explore this meeting point indicating the forms of aftershocks that death can have for the living. Themes in Strange case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The m ost prominent theme in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde can be regarded as good vs. evil. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are readily perceived as an allegory about the good and evil present in all men, as well as the struggle with the two forms of the human personality (Stevenson 11). The repression in this case entails Victorian England in which there are no sexual appetites, no significant expressions of emotion, and no violence. The violence within the novel

The intended learning outcomes will normally be assessed in the Coursework

The intended learning outcomes will normally be assessed in the following manner - Coursework Example Moreover, the graduate program taken has also enabled me to gain the right amount of competency and skills for taking care of information technology problems so as to render effective solutions for the same. I have gained the skills for conducting analytical functions in programs such as Microsoft Excel and also in rendering presentations through the use of PowerPoint. Skills gained on such basis has enhanced my competencies in providing analytical solutions to business problems, thereby presenting the same as strategic recommendations. Similarly, the graduate program has also contributed to developing my team working and team organising skills so as to render the best while operating in a synergised environment. I have gained needful understandings of the potential leadership skills required to rightly manage and convince people in different teams to help achieve organisational goals and objectives as a whole. Opportunities and Skills Required Presently, the job market in United Kin gdom presents large scale job opportunities for graduates in several sectors such as accounting, banking and the finance industry, logistics and purchasing departments of companies, sales and marketing, operations and engineering, journalism and mass communication, retail and the like. Apart from the listed job opportunities, the United Kingdom market also provides opportunities for graduates to work as management or recruitment consultants in the region. From the plethora of job opportunities listed above, the case of the retail industry would be studied so that the skills required for working in the sector would be evaluated. It is known that to work effectively in the retail sector in United Kingdom, an individual is required to firstly possess the right amount of analytical competencies. Secondly, the individual is also required to have significant knowledge about the commercial regulations pertaining to the region and thereby blend such knowledge with the right business aptitud e to render potential solutions. Thirdly, customers being the life blood of retail businesses, the individuals are required to possess effective customer servicing skills and team building skills so as to effectively convince the internal people to meet the organisational objectives. In addition to the above skill sets, it would be considered as a value addition if the individuals do possess the hand-on-experience for servicing customers at the floor level, and also the right knowledge of a potential customer base in the region (High Fliers, 2012, pp.10–29). Skills and Gaps Though I have gained the needed acumen to conduct analytical functions based on Excel, there are persisting gaps such knowledge of conducting and presenting effective forecasting activities related to demand and supply of merchandises based on evaluation of market changes. Similarly, a definite gap is also noted pertaining to the fact that there is lack of factual or

Special Effects Essay example -- essays research papers

Special Effects Special effects in motion pictures has evolved over the years into an involved science of illusion and visual magic. The following is a comprehensive perspective depicting the rapidly expanding realm of cinematography. In times of old, special effects in movies was limited to an individual's creativity and the constrictive limits of the tools available. However the results of early special effects masters astounded audiences in their age in the same manner that modern artists do today. The ability to create an effect that was brand new was, and still is, the key to the industry. Techniques range from the expected to the bizarre in order to achieve a certain image or illusion. Cinematographers in the early fifties would use a black cloth backdrop with white paint splattered off of toothpicks to simulate a space scene in the many science-fiction movies made in that era. There is also stories of a common plate being thrown across a "space" backdrop to emulate a flying saucer in mid-flight. Although the special effects persons of old were strapped with limits, one of these was not make-up. They relied heavily on this prop to portray the many monsters and aliens in their films. "Nosferatu" a German film about the vampire with the same name was a huge success even in America, where thousands marveled at the intricate detailing of the blood-sucker's razor-like teeth, bulging eyes and a pointed nose and ears. "The Creature from the Black Lagoon" used a somewhat new technique of a body suit that the actor wore along with a mask made of latex rubber and foam. Using cooking oil or butter spread on the body and mask gave an enhancement of sliminess added to the monster image. A fairly recent film using heavy make-up effects is "An American Werewolf in London" done by the master make-up artist Rick Baker who shows what can be done with a steady hand and a lot of patience. Another popular trick used was strings to manipulate miniature objects. Often used in the science fiction era to show spacecraft or other objects in flight was thin strings attached to miniatures. Audiences did notice the obvious strings but it did not matter at the time because it was state of the art. The next major breakthrough in the effects world was stop-motion animation. A process by which objects were... ...l effects has come. The computer age has touched the movie world and made a huge impact. Literally anything is possible with the assistance of computers. Using software and hardware costing in the hundreds of thousands of dollars, 3D mesh object renderings are leaving all other techniques in the past. CGI, which stands for Computer Generated Imaging, is the latest way to get exactly what movie companies want in their films. Flawless in appearance and challenging actual objects the viewer is often left flustered as to if what they are seeing is real or computer generated. Industry giants in this latest technique include Lucas' ILM as well as Pacific Data Images. Movies using mainly CGI include, "Independence Day", "Terminator 2" and, of course, "Jurassic Park". Special effects have played an essential role in the motion picture experience for over 70 years and with good reason. Whether it be a plate being thrown across the screen or a computer generated Star Destroyer, a clay ape on a cardboard Empire State Building or a T-Rex smacking his head on the side of your jeep, the art of movie illusion will only cease to grow when our minds do.

General Insurance

DISSERTATION REPORT ON Marketing of General Insurance Products (with special reference to Iffco- Tokio General Insurance) SUMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE RQUIREMENT OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION H. N. B. GARHWAL UNIVERSITY SRINAGAR, GARHWAL SUBMITTED BY:SUBMITTED TO: Vaibhav JoshiMs. Prapti Tandon MIB IVth SemFaculty of IMS MIB06037 INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, DEHRADUN CERTIFICATE I have the pleasure in certifying that Mr. Vaibhav Joshi is a bonafide student of MIB IV semester of the Master’s Degree in International Business of Institute of Management Studies, Dehradun under University Roll No. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. He has completed his/her dissertation work entitled Marketing of general insurance products (with reference to Iffco tokio general insurance under my guidance). I certify that this is his original effort and has not been copied from any other source. This project has also not been submitted in any other university for the purpose of award of nay degree. This project fulfills the requirement of the curriculum prescribed by H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar for the said course. I recommend this Dissertation work for evaluation and consideration for the award of degree to the student. Signature: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Name of the Guide:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Date:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. TABLE OF CONTENTS |S. NO. |TOPIC | |1. |INTRODUCTION | |2. INDUSTRIAL BACKGROUND | |3. |TYPES OF INSURANCE | |4. |REASEARCH METHODOLOGY | |5. |DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION | |6. |OBSERVATION & CONCLUSIONS | |7. |RECOMMENDATION | |8. BIBLIOGRAPHY | |9. |ANNEXURE | GENERAL INSURANCE BUSINESS General insurance business in the country was nationalized with effect from 1st January, 1973 by the General Insurance Business (Nationalization) Act, 1972. More th an 100 non-life insurance companies including branches of foreign companies operating within the country were amalgamated and grouped into four companies, viz. the National Insurance Company Ltd. , the New India Assurance Company Ltd. , the Oriental Insurance Company Ltd. , and the United India Insurance Company Ltd. with head offices at Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi and Chennai, respectively. General Insurance Corporation (GIC) which was the holding company of the four public sector general insurance companies has since been delinked from the later and has been approved as the â€Å"Indian Reinsurer† since 3rd November 2000. The share capital of GIC and that of the four companies are held by the Government of India. All the five entities are Government companies registered under the Companies Act. The general insurance business has grown in spread and volume after nationalization. The four companies have 2872 branch offices, 1373 divisional offices and 95 regional offices spread all over the country. These companies also have 44 overseas offices spread over 25 countries. The market share of Government-owned insurance companies stood at 79. 93% as on March 2005. MAJOR POLICY CHANGES Reforms In Insurance Sector Insurance sector has been opened up for competition from Indian private insurance companies with the enactment of Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999 (IRDA Act). As per the provisions of IRDA Act, 1999, Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) was established on 19th April 2000 to protect the interests of holder of insurance policy and to regulate, promote and ensure orderly growth of the insurance industry. IRDA Act 1999 paved the way for the entry of private players into the insurance market, which was hitherto the exclusive privilege of public sector insurance companies/ corporations. Under the new dispensation Indian insurance companies in private sector were permitted to operate in India with the following conditions: Company is formed and registered under the Companies Act, 1956; The aggregate holdings of equity shares by a foreign company, either by itself or through its subsidiary companies or its nominees, do not exceed 26%, paid up equity capital of such Indian insurance company; The company’s sole purpose is to carry on life insurance business or general insurance business or reinsurance business. The minimum paid up equity capital for life or general insurance business is Rs. 100 crores. The minimum paid up equity capital for carrying on reinsurance business has been prescribed as Rs. 200 crores. The Authority has notified 37 Regulations on various issues which include Registration of Insurers, Regulation on insurance agents, Solvency Margin, Re-insurance, Obligation of Insurers to Rural and Social sector, Investment and Accounting Procedure, Protection of policy holders’ interest etc. Applications were invited by the Authority with effect from 15th August, 2000 for issue of the Certificate of Registration to both life and non-life insurers. The Authority has its Head Quarter at Hyderabad . Detailed information on IRDA is available at their web-site www. irdaindia. org |GENERAL INSURERS |   | |Public Sector |   | |1. National Insurance Company Limited |www. nationalinsuranceindia. com | |2. New India Assurance Company Limited |www. niacl. com | |3. Oriental Insurance Company Limited |www. orientalinsurance. nic. in | |4. United India Insurance Company Limited |www. uiic. co. in | |5. Export Credit Guarantee Corporation |www. ecgcindia. com | |Private Sector |   | |6. Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Co. Ltd. |www. bajajallianz. co. in | |7. ICICI Lombard General Insurance Co. Ltd. |www. icicilombard. com | |8. IFFCO-Tokio General Insurance Co. Ltd. |www. itgi. co. in | |9. Reliance General Insurance Co. Ltd. |www. ril. com | |10. Royal Sundaram Alliance Insurance Co. Ltd. |www. royalsun. com | |11. TATA AIG General Insurance Co. Ltd. |www. tata-aig. com | |12. Cholamandalam General Insurance Co. Ltd. |www. cholainsurance. com | |13. HDFC Chubb General Insurance Co. Ltd. |www. hdfcchubb. com | |14. Agricultural Insurance Co. of India Ltd. |www. aicofindia. org | |REINSURER |   | |1. General Insurance Corporation of India |www. gicindia. com | Insurance Ombudsmen: One of the major areas of concern of the Government has been the efficient customer services in the insurance sector. With a view to ensure expeditious redressal of public grievances relating to the settlement of the claims, the Government has introduced a system of Ombudsman in the Insurance Sector with effect from 11th November 1998. Insurance Ombudsmen are currently located in 12 cities. Each Ombudsman is empowered to redress customer grievances in respect of insurance contracts on personal lines where the insured amount is less than Rs. 20 lakhs. MARKETING – GENERAL INSURANCE INTRODUCTION: Marketing is the Marketing side of Commerce – company efforts to communicate about, promote, and sell products and services over the Internet. E-marketing is a type of marketing that can be defined as achieving objectives through the use of electronic communications technology such as Internet, e-mail, Ebooks, database, and mobile phone. It is a more general term than online marketing which is limited to the use of internet technology to attain marketing objectives. E-mail marketing is one of the most effective ways to keep in touch with customers. It is generally cost-effective, and if done properly, can help build brand awareness and loyalty. At a typical cost of only a few rupees per message, it's a bargain compared to traditional direct mail or more . In addition, response rates on e-mail marketing are strong, depending on the industry and format. Response rates for traditional mail averages tend to be very low. One of the benefits of email marketing is the demographic information that customers provide when signing up for your email newsletter. Discovering who your customers really are – age, gender, income and special interests, for example – can help you target your products and services to their needs. Effective marketing, planning and promotion begin with current information about the marketplace. Visit your local library online, talk to customers on toll free through & telemarketing and SMS service as latest development, study the advertising of other businesses in your community, and consult with any relevant industry associations through internet. This interactive tool will help to assess your e-marketing strengths and weaknesses in the demographic area. Online marketing is marketing on the Internet. It is a type of e-marketing, which in turn is a type of e-commerce. Internet marketing is a component of electronic commerce. Internet marketing can include information management, public relations, customer service, and sales. Electronic commerce and Internet marketing have become popular as Internet access is becoming more widely available and used. Well over one third of consumers who have Internet access in their homes report using the Internet to make purchases. Some of the benefits associated with Internet marketing include the availability of information. Consumers can log onto the Internet and learn about products, as well as purchase them, at any hour. Companies that use Internet marketing can also save money because of a reduced need for a sales force. Overall, Internet marketing can help expand from a local market to both national and international marketplaces. Commerce has redefined the marketplace, altered business strategies, and allowed global competition between local businesses. The term â€Å"electronic commerce† has evolved from meaning simply electronic shopping to representing all aspects of business and market processes enabled by the Internet and other digital technologies. Today's business emphasis is on e-commerce – rapid electronic interactions enabled by the Internet and other connected computer and telephone networks. Rapidly business transactions and unparalleled access to information is changing consumer behavior and expectations. Many small businesses assume that the Internet has little value to them because they feel that their product or service cannot be easily sold online. But inexpensive information processing and electronic media can help most small businesses provide better, faster customer service and communication. Why is insurance necessary? The question contains the answer within itself. After all, life is fraught with tensions and apprehensions regarding the future and what it holds for the individual. Despite all the planning and preparation one might make, no one can accurately guarantee or predict how or when death might result and the circumstances that might ensue in its aftermath. We are not saying that life and existence are constantly fraught with danger and uncertainty. But then it is essential that you plan for the future. The chances for a fatality or an injury to occur to the average individual may not be particularly high but then no one can really afford to completely disregard his or her future and what it holds. People generally regard insurance as a scheme when and where you have to lose a lot to gain a little. Nevertheless, insurance is still the most reliable tool an individual can use to plan for his future. What is General insurance? This is an attempt to help understand some basic concepts of general insurance in order to help identify insurance needs and to facilitate decision making process. General Insurance is all about protecting / covering against all kind of insurable risks. General insurance policies, including automobile and homeowners policies, provide payments depending on the loss from a particular financial event. General insurance typically comprises any insurance that is not determined to be life insurance, and is called property and casualty insurance. The reason to provide conceptual knowledge on general insurance products – health insurance, motor insurance, travel insurance – to empower one to take a final decision. We have touched upon topics like why one should insure, how much insurance one need, the policies that suit best, points to ponder while reading the fine print, identify the insurance needs etc are covered. This is a sincere attempt to take one through the basics and to unravel the complexities of general insurance. System whereby individuals and companies concerned about potential hazards pay premiums to an insurance company, which reimburses (in whole or part) them in the event of loss. The insurer profits by investing the premiums it receives. Some common forms of insurance cover business risks, automobiles, homes, boats, worker's compensation, and health. Life insurance guarantees payment to the beneficiaries when the insured person dies. In a broad economic sense, insurance transfers risk from individuals to a larger group, which is better able to pay for losses. IFFCO-TOKIO General Insurance (ITGI). ITGI is India’s trusted insurance company. It simplifies customer’s life by providing them tailor made products and quality services, thus helping them take informed investment decisions. It is a joint venture between The Indian Farmers Fertiliser Co-operative (IFFCO) and its associates and Tokio Marine and Nichido Fire Group, the largest listed insurance group in Japan. ITGI was incorporated on December 4, 2000 and has its head office in Gurgaon, Haryana. We are among India's top three private-sector general insurance companies with 92 offices and a country-wide network of 480 exclusive point of presence. In our constant effort to provide our customers with â€Å"the life they deserve†, we offer a wide range of over 40 uniquely customized policies covering a wide range of customers, from farmers to some of India's largest automobile manufacturers. We see ourselves as a â€Å"people's company†; our principal aim is to provide benefits for the common man who traditionally lacks knowledge and access to quality insurance products. To achieve this, we have leveraged the deep knowledge of IFFCO by studying 600 of the country's 602 districts before drawing up our business plan. We closely follow the rigorous global financial standards of the Millea group, combining sound financial management with rapid growth. ITGI is the only private general insurance company in India to have made five consecutive years of profit. We are also one of the few to report underwriting profits within four years of operations. We also believe in focusing on creative solutions to provide optimum service to our customers. We are the only company in the country to have a 100%-owned distribution channel to service our retail customers. Called IFFCO-TOKIO Insurance Services Ltd (ITIS), this subsidiary has 273 employees and is present in 68 cities. ITIS is an example of an indigenously developed best practice that will be replicated in other Millea Asia subsidiaries. Innovation has also played a significant part in making us a dynamic industry leader both in India and globally. We are the first company in India to underwrite mega policies for a fertilizer and an automobile client. This comprehensive policy is based on international rates and optimizes the premium outflow for clients even as it offers a one-stop, all-risk cover. Our Performance | Profitable growth: Our commitment to innovation and customer service has helped us consistently raise the bar on our performance. We strongly believe in profitable growth: Our rapidly reducing Earned Income Loss Ratio (EILR) is testimony to this |[pic] | ITGI's sound financial management has been achieved in a period of fast-paced growth. Our gross written premium (GWP) has grown from Rs 58 million in 2000-01 to Rs 5 billion in 2004-05. Policy issuance growth has jumped more than 20 times between 2002 and 2004. |[pic] | We have also consistently demonstrated our commitment to shareholder value: return on equity for 2004-05 was 14. 72%, up from 9. 58% the year before. Our unqualified audit reports reflect the rigorous, global standards of accounting. ITGI voluntarily maintains strong institutional checks and balances. An investment committee of board members and senior executives scrutinizes all major investment decisions. An in-house audit committee audits all the branches and suggests ways to improve their functioning. Finally, there is an executive committee of senior management that monitors policy decisions. All these have ensured that ITGI has established a reputation for the highest standards of corporate governance. ‘Customized' satisfaction: Our bi-annual customer satisfaction surveys – another unique feature at ITGI — indicates the speed and fairness in handling policy-holders' claims. This is backed by robust IT infrastructure that is robust enough to handle large volume of more than 3,00,000 documents. All ITGI's branches and distributors are networked. This not only enables a detailed and accurate analysis of the company's performance based on specific parameters, the web-based claim response system has enabled the speedy settlement of claims, achieving a 90% claim settlement ratio Insurance Distribution Channels: Markets in Transition INTRODUCTION :- Risks are inherent in every aspect of life. They are present in whatever we do everyday and all businesses face the threat of losses that may never occur. Worrying about these possibilities hardly makes life pleasant. Of course, it is impossible to eliminate risks – but they can be controlled, lessened or minimized. That is exactly what risk management is all about. We at ITGI have established a proficient risk management team to provide customized, need-based solutions. Armed with a high level of domain knowledge in a wide range of industry verticals, our risk management experts identify and evaluate the risk exposures of your facility or business to provide a comprehensive risk management solution based on your special needs. As a part of our value-added services, we also provide recommendations for loss reduction and risk mitigation and continuously update you about international best practices. ITGI caters to almost all areas of risk management. Below is a list of some of our mainstream services: Underwriting survey/Loss control Survey/Risk management survey Natural hazard risk evaluation Business continuity planning Business interruption and interdependency risk analysis Marine loss control surveys Safety management Risk assessment studies/Safety audits Consequence analysis study. The insurance marketplace is undergoing a transformation that may eventually lead to significant changes in how consumers purchase insurance products. A variety of distribution channels are currently used in this market place, and some insurers utilize a combination of distribution channels. These include the Internet-led channels, company-led channels, bank-led channels, and agent-led channels. Of these distribution channels, the most discussed and anticipated channel is the Internet-led channel. The widespread diffusion of the Internet has created an explosion in the growth of electronic channels, including direct channels as electronic markets, or â€Å"electronic intermediaries over which multiple buyers and sellers do business†, and other cybermediaries . Prior to the advent of the Internet, most purchasers of insurance products used traditional agent-led distribution channels such as direct writers or independent agents. Given its reliance on traditional channels, the insurance marketplace has only recently begun to reflect this broader growth in electronic channels. The Internet was expected to have a major negative impact on the traditional agent-led distribution channel. However, consumers have not shown a marked preference for purchasing insurance product via the Internet. Currently, less than two percent of insurance products are purchased via the Internet. Although less frequently used, company-led distribution channels through mediums such as direct mail or telephone call centers have seen increasing growth. While an agent is still required in this setting, this person typically does not meet with the insured. With the passage of the Financial Modernization Act of 1999, growth of the bank-led channel was predicted for the U. S. market. The results of a recent American Bank Insurance Association survey indicate that insurance represents a very small percentage of total bank revenue, but bankers predict an increase in marketing efforts. While it is true that insurance purchasers today have more options available than they did five years ago, it is unclear if and when these channels will dominate existing insurance distribution channels. Several obvious factors that impact on a channel’s adoption are consumer. . Insurance Distribution Channels: Markets in Transition Attitudes and preferences. In particular, it may be that consumers consider insurance products to be more complex than originally thought. Consumers still do not view even personal lines insurance products to be commodity products. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the transitions that are occurring in property/liabil ity insurance distribution channels. As part of this discussion, we describe some of the factors that are impacting on the adoption of alternative channels (e. g. the Internet), provide an overview of the academic literature on innovation adoption and insurance distribution channels, and comment on the near-term future for insurance distribution channels. EXPECTATIONS V. REALITY The growth of the Internet has led to a great deal of speculation and discussion regarding its potential impact on traditional distribution channels. For example, the meeting topic for the 2000 International Insurance Society meeting was â€Å"The Power of Leadership in the Knowledge Millennium. † Part of the focus of the presentations at that meeting was on the changing channels of distribution. Some trade publications during that time period included articles suggesting that insurance agents were faced with the strong possibility of being replaced with a more efficient and less-costly Internet-led distribution channel. The same was true for travel agents during that time period. Interestingly, the experience of insurance agents and travel agents has been very different. The travel industry has indeed seen a growth of the Internet-led distribution channel for a wide variety of travel-related purchases including plane tickets, hotel reservations, and car rentals. Examples of cybermarkets operating today include Expedia, Travelocity, and Orbitz. Additionally, sites like Priceline. com allow consumers to make offers for various travel services including airline travel. Other sites, like SkyAuction. com, create an auction market for travel services. Finally, consumers can purchase tickets online directly from airlines. As the Internet-led channel has grown for travel-related types of services, travel agents have come under increasing pressure and airlines have reduced the commissions paid to travel agents. In some cases, the agents are no longer compensated by the airlines to serve as a channel intermediary. For example, Delta Airlines recently announced that it would no longer pay commissions to travel agents. 2 Insurance Distribution Channels: Markets in Transition The experience of insurance agents has been much different. Recent figures suggest that online sales accounts for less than 2% of total premium volume. Although there have been some changes in the areas of commissions and production requirements, agents continue to be the primary distribution channel for insurance products. A recent National Underwriter article reported the results of a survey of four insurance industry associations (the National Association of Independent Insurers, the National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies, the American Insurance Association, and the Alliance of American Insurers). All four of these associations indicated an expectation that the traditional agent-led distribution channel will continue to be a major distribution channel for insurers. While the adoption rate of the Internet as a distribution channel has been low, we have seen widespread adoption of the Internet as a support channel. Insurers are using the Internet to provide general information on financial services products (e. g. , insurance, investments) and planning involving the use of these products, to provide specific information on the company and its product lines, to provide administrative support to its policyholders, and to serve as a prospecting and communication tool for its agent-led channel. For example, Celent Communications surveyed major U. S. property/liability insurers regarding Internet usage. The six main usage areas were (1) agent access to quotes, (2) agent extranet, (3) policyholder account access, (4) customer live quotes, (5) customer quote request, and (6) agent locator. Of these six, the two most frequently used were the agent locator (over 60%) and the agent extranet (approximately 40%). These results clearly indicate that for property/liability insurers, the web is being used as an information or communication tool, as well as a prospecting tool for insurers’ agents. INNOVATION ADOPTION To gain a better understanding of what factors tend to drive the adoption of one channel over another, it is helpful to examine some of the existing literature on innovation adoption and insurance distribution channels. The Internet Channel One factor that leads to the adoption of an innovation is how widespread it is. Rogers (1995) suggests that widespread diffusion of an innovation will lead to significant changes in the enviorment. 3 Insurance Distribution Channels: Markets in Transition As noted above, we have seen widespread diffusion of the usage of the Internet in both the travel and insurance industries; however, the adoption patterns have been quite different. The ability to reduce the transactions costs of interaction between buyers and sellers has always been acknowledged as a central motivation for the use of the web . Predictions of disintermediation and cybermediation are typically based on the reduced transaction costs of electronic interaction between sellers and buyers; for example, in book retailing or online stock trading. Trust is another factor that drives or affects the adoption of the Internet-led channel and others examined privacy and security as it relates to choosing an Internet channel. The widespread popularity of online stores or online auctions provides some indication that consumers trust the channel sufficiently to provide personal and financial information via a secure part of the channel. Additionally, secure support channels like Paypal have been created to provide secure payment channels for purchases. Technological improvements alone cannot safeguard a company's digital risks. Whether managing the risk of a computer virus, electronic theft of confidential information or the loss of business interruption due to a computer attack, a Total Risk Management Approach is required which combines best in class technology, risk information and insurance. MOTOR INSURANCE INTRODUCTION: Speed has become the essence of life in the present day economic and social conditions. Every body wants everything fast enough to enjoy the fruits of any labour which has been put in. In this labour man is being replaced by machine in almost all spheres of activity. The latest is Computer trying to replace the human brain. Though it is impossible to achieve the speed of thought, the human efforts will always endeavor to achieve that speed. When we talk of speed, Motor Vehicle is perhaps or sure enough, a tool used by majority of human beings in every walk of life as aid, either to transport himself or to transport material useful for his existence. As a means of transport, Motor vehicle is of immense importance in respect of both the human amenities and the commerce. The number of vehicles on the road has been on increase and it is quite likely that it may over-flow the capacity of the road and parking places. Many vehicles are required to be kept in the streets at night and thus are exposed to various risks from human elements as well as natural elements. The number of persons holding driving license is increasing and the employers with all the care they may take in choosing a good driver. Do get reckless driver on their pay roll which fact comes to the knowledge only when a serious accident, sometimes involving loss of life happens, and are thus exposed to risks. MOTOR INSURANCE CONTRACTS Motor Insurance Contracts are subject to the basic principles applicable to property and liability insurance in general, These principles are- ) Utmost good faith: Contracts of Motor Insurance are governed by the doctrine of utmost good faith. The doctrine imposes a legal obligation on the proposer to disclose material facts to the Insurers. The use of proposal forms is compulsory and the declaration clause in the form converts the common law duty into a contractual duty of utmost good faith. The effect of this is that the answers given in the proposal become warranties. The answers are required to be literally true and correct. Any wrong answer, irrespective of its materiality, will render the contract violable by Insurers. ) Insurable Interest: This is the legal right to insure. The essentials of insurable interest are- i) the existence of property exposed to loss, damage or a potential liability: ii) such property or liability must be the subject matter of insurance: iii) such property or liability must be the subject matter of the property or creation of liability and must benefit by the preservation of the property or the absence of liability. 3) Indemnity: Insurance contract are contracts of indemnity that is to say, the insured is placed after a loss, as far as possible, in the same position as he was immediately before the loss. This principle ensures that the Insured does not make a profit out of his loss. 4) Subrogation & Contribution: Subrogation is the transfer of rights from the insured to the insurer when the loss or damage to the vehicle is caused by negligence of another person. The Insurers exercise these rights to recover the loss from the person responsible. Under common law subrogation operates only after the claim is paid. A Policy condition, however, provides for subrogation before the payment of the claim. Contribution arises when there is double insurance, that is, when the same vehicle is insured under two policies. According to Policy condition the loss is shared pro-rata between the two insurers. The Contribution condition is specially worded in private car policies because the owner is also covered for Third Party liability while driving cars not belonging to him. Proximate Cause: The doctrine of proximate cause applies to Motor insurance as to other classes of insurance. The loss or damage to the vehicle is indemnified only if it is proximately caused by one of the insured perils. The doctrine also applies to Third Party claims. The Third party injury or property damage must be proximately caused by the negligence of the insured for which he is held legally liable to pay damages. TYPES OF MOTOR VEHICLES: A Motor Vehicle has been defined in the Motor Vehicle Act, 1939 as a mechanically propelled vehicle adopted for use upon road where the power of propulsion is transmitted thereto from an external or internal source and includes a chassis to which a body has not been attached and a trailer but does not include a vehicle running upon fixed rails. For purpose of insurance, Motor vehicles are classified into 3 broad categories, viz ) Private Cars 2) Motor Cycles and Scooter 3) Commercial Vehicles. PRIVATE CARS: These are – a) vehicles used solely for social, domestic and pleasure purposes; b) Cars of private type including station wagons, used for social, domestic and pleasure purposes and for the business or professional purposes(excluding the carriage of goods other than samples) of the insured or used by the Insured’s employees for such purposes, c) Three wheeled cars (including cabin scooter used for private purposes) MOTOR CYCLES: a) Motor cycles (with or without sidecars) b) Auto cycles or mechanically assisted pedal cycles. ) Motor Scooters (with or without sidecars) d) A three-wheeler invalid carriage. COMMERCIAL VEHICLES: A) Goods carrying vehicles (own goods). These are vehicles used under a Private Carrier’s permit within the meaning of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939. The Act defines a â€Å"Private Carrier† as â€Å"an owner of a transport vehicle other than a public carrier who uses the vehicles solely for the carriage of goods which are his property or the carriage of which is necessary for the purpose of his business not being a business of providing transport† GOODS CARRYING VEHICLES (General cartage). These are vehicles used under a Public Carrier Permit within the meaning of the M. V. Act. 1939. The Act defines a ‘public carrier’ as an owner of a transport vehicle who transports or undertakes to transport goods or any class of goods, for another person at any time and in any public place for hire or reward, whether in pursuance of the terms of a contract or agreement or otherwise. TRAILERS: Any truck, cart carriage or other vehicle without means of self-propulsion including agricultural implements drawn or hauled by any self – propelled vehicle. PASSENGER CARRYING VEHICLES: I) Buses including tourist buses: ii) Hotel/School omnibuses. iii) Air-line buses PASSENGER CARRYING VEHICLES FOR HIRE: i) Taxis or Private car type vehicles plying for public hire ii) Private type Taxis let out on private hire direct from the Owner with or without meters and driven by the Owner or an employee of the Owner. iii) Private car type vehicles let out on Private Hire and driven by the Hirer or any driver with his permission. iv) Private car type vehicles owned by Hotels and hired by them to their guests. v)passenger carrying vehicles (Motorized Rickshaws). MISCELLANEOUS AND SPECIAL TYPES OF VEHICLES† Category ‘D’ 1) Agricultural Tractors Pedestrian Controlled. 2) Trailer fitted as Cinema Film Recording and publicity vans. 3) Delivery Truck – Pedestrian Controlled. 4) Trailers- Duest carts, water carts, etc . 5) Trailers – Fire Brigade and Salvage Corps. 6) Plan Loader. 7) Trailers- Mobile Plant. 8) Trailers fitted as Mobile Shop and Canteen . 9) Trailers – Tar spraying. 10) Trailers- Clearing and Levelling plant. 11) Traction Engine Tractors: Agriculural and Forestry spraying plant i) Agricultural sprayer. i) Tar sprayers 12. Trailers towed by Tractors. 13) Lawn Mowers. 14) Cranes- Trailers and Tractors fitted with Lift apparatus. 15) Hearses 16) Ambulances. 17) Breakdown vehicles 18) Cinema film recording and publicity vans. 19) Dispensaries. 20) Dampers. 21) Dust carts, water carts, road sweepers, etc. 22) Electric Trolleys or Tractors. 23) Fire Brigade and Salvage corps. Vehicles. 24) Footpath rollers. 25) Fork lift Trucks. 26). Mobile shops & Canteen Vehicles. 27) Mobile Surgeries & Dispensaries. 28) Refuse Carts. 29) Road Rollers Road Sprinklers also used as Fire Fighting vehicles. 30) Traction Engine Tractors- Tractors used with one or more Angle Dozers, bulldozers etc. 31) Cranes I) Breakdown vehicles. II) Goods carrying vehicles. 32) Excavators. 33) Levelers 34) Site clearing and leveling plant etc. TYPES OF POLICIES: The vehicles mentioned above can be insured under three types of policies:- Act† only policy: This policy provides the minimum cover for legal liability for injuries to third parties or their property damage, as required by the provisions of Chapter VIII of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939. Third Party Policy: This Policy provides the cover as under the â€Å"Act† only policy and in addition provides cover for higher limits for third party property damage. Comprehensive Policy: This policy provides cover as under a Third Party Policy and in addition provides cover for loss or or damage to the vehicle. Two other variations of cover are available for certain categories of vehicles( e. g. Private Cars) Fire and/or Theft Risk- These policies cover the risks of fire and or theft while the car is in garage and out of use. Third party and Fire and/or Theft Risks: The Third party policy is extended to cover the risks of fire and/ or theft whilst the vehicle is running and or /in garage. EXEMPTED VEHICLES: The Provisions relating to compulsory third party insurance do not apply to any vehicle owned by the Central Government or State Government and used for Government purposes unconnected with any commercial enterprise. Exemptions may also be granted by the appropriate Government for any vehicle owned by:- a) the Central Government or a State Government if the vehicle is used for Government purposes connected with any commercial enterprise. ) any local authority; c) any State Transport Undertaking( for example, where such undertaking is carried on by a State Government or any Road Transport Corporation established under the Road Transport Corporation Act, 1950). The above exemption is made only if a fund is established and maintained by that authority for meeting any liability arising out of the use of an y vehicle. The fund has to be established in accordance with the Rules framed under the Act. Types of Motor Insurance Covers: There are two types of cover granted under Motor Insurance. Policy â€Å"A† provides Liability Cover and Policy â€Å"B† provides Comprehensive cover. Third Party Policy has been withdrawn from 1st April 1990. 1) Policy â€Å"A† – Act Liability Policy provides an indemnity in respect of legal liability for death or bodily injury to members of public or damage to their property, compulsorily insurable under the provisions of Motor Vehicles Act, 1988. Limits of Liability :- Under Section-II- (i) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. As per Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 ( The Act provides for unlimited liability in respect of third party death or bodily injury). Under Section-II- (ii) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Rs. 6,000/- in respect of any one claim or series of claims arising out of one event. (This is the limit provided by the Act for third party property damage. The tariff however provides for increased limits up to unlimited liability for T. P. property damage, at additional premium). b) Policy â€Å"B† – Comprehensive Policy is wider cover. In addition to covering the insured’s legal liabilities to third party, both for bodily injury and damage to property, this policy covers loss or damage to the vehicle- &/or theft of vehicle and/or accessories whilst fitted thereon – ) by fire, explosion, self-ignition or lightening; b) by burglary, housebreaking or theft; c) by riot and strike; d) by earthquake (fire and shock damage); e) by flood, typhoon, hurricane, storm, tempest, inundation, cyclone, hailstorm, frost; f) by accidental external means; g) by terrorist activity; h) whilst in transit by road, rail, inland waterway, lift, elevator or air; i) by landslide / rockslide The Recital clause of both form of policies states- (i) that the proposal and declaration shall be the basis of the contract of insurance and are deemed to be incorporated therein. ii) that the insured has applied to the company for insurance and has paid or agreed to pay the premium as consideration for the insurance afforded by the policy for the period specified. The contract is not to â€Å"pay† the loss to the insured but to â€Å"indemnify† him against his loss. Protection and Removal Costs: If the motor car is disabled by reason of loss or damage covered under the policy, the insurer will bear reasonable cost of protection and removal to the nearest repairers and of redelivery to the insured but not exceeding in all Rs. 1,500/- in respect of any accident. Authorization for Repair The insured may authorize repairs necessitated by damage covered under the policy, provided that:- (a) the estimated cost of such repairs does not exceed Rs. 500/- (b) the insurer is furnished forthwith a detailed estimate of the cost, and (c) the insured gives the insurer every assistance to see that such repair is necessary and the charge reasonable. Exclusion under â€Å"own damage† Section I – FOR PRIVATE CAR ‘B’ POLICY (a) consequential loss, depreciation, wear and tear, mechanical or electrical breakdown , failures and breakage; and b) damage to tyres unless the motor car is damaged at the same time when the liability of the insurer is limited to 50% of the cost of replacement; (c) any accidental loss or damage suffered whilst the insured or any person driving with the knowledge and consent of the insured is under the influence of intoxicating liquor or drugs. FOR ONLINE RENEWAL INTIMATION OF POLICY . ONLINE RENEWAL NOTICE SEN T TO CLIENT CLIENT AGENT DETAILS NAME SUB: RENEWAL OF POLICY NO:____________ PREMIUM DETAILS SUM INSURED VEHICLE DETAILS GROSS PREM. S. TAX NET PAYABLE PREM. HYPOTHECATION ( IF ANY ) AUTHORISED SIGNATORY FIRE INSURANCE GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS: These rules and regulations are applicable to all sections of the Tariff. POLICY Only Standard Fire and Special Perils Policy (hereinafter referred to as Policy) with the permitted â€Å"Add-on† covers (as appearing under Section VIII) if any, can be issued. Note: – Unless otherwise specifically provided for, this tariff is applicable to land-based properties only. The wording of the policy shall be as shown in Section II of the Tariff. Policy (ies) should be read together with proposal forms(s), scheduled specification, endorsements, warranties and clauses as one contract. Policy (ies) covering Buildings and/or contents shall show block wise separate amounts on (i) Building (ii) Machinery and accessories (iii) Stock and Stock-in-Process and (iv) Furniture and other contents. It is permissible to exclude Storm, Tempest, Flood and Inundation group of perils (hereinafter referred to as STFI) and/or Riot, Strike, Malicious Damage perils (hereinafter referred to as RSMD) at inception of the Policy only by deleting the relevant perils from the Policy. The deletion shall apply for the entire property in one complex/compound/location covering the entire interest of the Insured under one or more policy (ies) without any option for selection. Reduction in premium rates for such deletion(s) may be allowed as shown under the relevant sections of the Tariff. When these perils are deleted from the scope of the policy, the general exclusions shall include these perils. Terrorism cover will be separate cover which can be granted only in conjunction with RSMD. Terrorism will not be given in isolation without RSMD cover. (Circular No. FT/1/2002 dtd 13/03/02) Any risk, which has not been provided for in the Tariff, shall be referred to the Committee for rating. Provisional rate of Rs. 2. 50 per mille shall be charged in such cases for covering the risks under Standard Fire and Special Perils Policy. No discounts and/or agency commission shall be allowed on this rate. For add-on covers, additional rates provided in section VIII shall be charged. Rates shown under this tariff are minimum rates. Insures may charge rate higher than those given under the tariff. VALUED POLICY(IES) Valued Policy (ies) can be issued only for properties whose Market Value cannot be ascertained e. . Curios, Works of Art, Manuscripts, Obsolete machinery and the like subject to the valuation certificate being submitted and found acceptable by the insurers. LONG TERM POLICIES Policies for a period exceeding 12 months shall not be issued except for â€Å"Dwellings†. MID-TERM COVER Generally, it is not permissible to grant mid-term cover for STFI and/or RSMD per ils. The following provisions shall apply, where such covers are granted midterm: Insurers must receive specific advice from the insured accompanied by payment of the required additional premium in cash or by draft. This additional premium shall not be adjusted against existing Cash deposits or debited to Bank guarantee. Mid-term cover shall be granted for the entire property at one complex/compound/location covering the entire interest of the Insured under one or more policy (ies). Insured shall not have any option for selection. Cover shall commence 15 days after the receipt of the premium. NB: Endorsement to be issued in this regard The premium rates as under shall be charged on short period scale (as per Rule 8) on full sum insured at one complex/compound/location covering the entire interest of the insured for the balance period i. . up to the expiry of the policy. |MID-TERM |SECTION III |SECTION VI |SECTION IV, V AND VII | |INCLUSION OF | | | | | | |Materials in Godowns|Materials in Open | | | | | | | | |STFI |0. 20%o |0. 35%o |2. 00%o |0. 5%o | | | | | | | |RSMD |0. 15%o |0. 15%o |0. 15%o |0. 15%o | PAYMENT OF PREMIUM Premium shall be paid in full and shall not be accepted in instalments or by deferred payments in any form. N. B. :- It is not permissible to split sum insured of the same property under various policies for different periods of insurance to derive advantage of deferred instalments for payment of premium. Notwithstanding the above, different policies may be issued for stocks where circumstances necessitate issuance of such policies. MINIMUM PREMIUM Minimum premium shall be Rs. 100/- per policy except for risks rateable under Section III and ‘Tiny Sector Industries’ under Section IV where the minimum premium shall be Rs. 50/ per policy. PARTIAL INSURANCE It is not permissible To issue a policy covering only certain portions of a building. Notwithstanding this, the plinth and foundations or only the foundation of a building may be excluded. To issue a policy covering only specified machinery (except Boilers), parts of machine or accessories thereof housed in the same block/building. N. B. Where portions of a building and/or machinery therein are under different ownership; it is permissible for each owner to insure separately but to the full extent of his interest on the building and/or machinery therein. In such cases, the Insured’s interest shall be clearly defined in the policy. RATES FOR SHORT PERIOD INSURANCE Policies for a period of less than 12 months shall be issued at the rates set out hereunder: For period not exceeding |15 days |10% of the Annual rate | |-do- |1 month |15% of the Annual rate | |-do- |2 months |30% of the Annual rate | |-do- |3 months |40% of the Annual rate | |-do- |4 months |50% of the Annual rate | |-do- |5 months |60% of the Annual rate | |-do- |6 months |70% of the Annual rate | |-do- |7 months |75% of the Annual rate | |-do- |8 months |80% of the Annual rate | |-do- |9 months |85% of the Annual rate | |For a period exceeding |9 months |The full Annual rate | |N. B. : Extension of short period policy (ies) shall not be permitted. | LOADING FOR â€Å"KUTCHA† CONSTRUCTION Building(s) having walls and/or roofs of wooden planks/thatched leaves and/or grass/hay of any kind/bamboo/plastic cloth/asphalt cloth/canvas/tarpaulin and the like shall be treated as ‘Kutcha’ construction for rating. An additional rate of Rs. 4. 00%o shall be charged for such building(s) and/or contents thereof. Note: – Temporary sheds (attached to buildings) erected during the monsoon solely for the purpose of monsoon protection are permitted without loading provided such sheds are not used for storage purpose. RULES FOR CANCELLATIONS For Cancellation of insurance policy. At the option of the insured:- 10. 1. Retention of premium shall be at Short Period Scale for the period the policy has been in force, subject to the retention of minimum premium by the Insurer. 10. 1. 2 During the currency, if a policy is replaced with the same insurer by a new annual one covering the identical property, refund of premium may be a llowed on pro-rata basis at the original rates for the sum insured replaced. 10. 1. 3 For the sum insured not replaced, refund must be calculated after charging premium at short period scale on such sum for the time the insurance has been in force subject to retention of the minimum premium by the insurer. 10. 1. 4 In case of short period policies, premium shall be retained at the applicable short period scale. N. B. – In case a policy is cancelled on account of a Government Order or on completion of a â€Å"Building in course of construction† or where Buildings are demolished, pro-rata refund of premium may be allowed. At the option of the insurer:- Refund of premium shall be on pro-rate basis for the unexpired term. MID-TERM REVISION IN SUM INSURED: Mid-term revision in sum insured shall be allowed as follows: Increase in sum insured: On pro-rata basis Decrease in sum insured: On short-period scale. ESCALATION CLAUSE: It will be in order for Insurers to allow automat ic regular increase in the Sum Insured throughout the period of the policy in return for an additional premium to be paid in advance. The terms and conditions for this extension shall be as follows. The selected percentage increase shall not exceed 25% of the Sum Insured. The additional premium, payable tin advance, will be at 50% of the full rate, to be charged on the selected percentage increase. The Sum Insured at any point of time would be assessed after application of the Escalation Clause. Escalation Clause will apply to policies covering Building, Machinery and Accessories only and will not apply to policies covering stock. Escalation Clause will apply to all policies and is not restricted to policies issued on reinstatement value basis. Pro-rata condition of Average will continue to apply as usual. The automatic increase operates from the date of inception up to the date of operation of any of the Insured Perils. Note: – For ndorsement wording, see, Clause F, Annexure A. FLOATER POLICY Floater Policy (ies) can be issued for stocks at various locations under one Sum Insured (The Standard Floater Clause I, Annexure A shall be attached to such policies). Note: – Unspecified location shall not be allowed. Rating: The rate shall be th e highest rate applicable to insured’s stocks at any location with a loading of 10%. N. B. 1: In case Stocks in a process block are covered under the Floater Policy and the rate for process block is higher than the storage rate, the process rate plus 10% loading shall apply. N. B. 2: Presence of â€Å"Kutcha† construction may be ignored. N. B. : If stocks situated within godown/process blocks in the same compound are covered under floater policy, no floater extra is chargeable. DECLARATION POLICIES To take care of frequent fluctuations in stocks/stock values, Declaration Policy(ies) can be granted subject to the following conditions (Standard Declaration Clause J, Annexure A shall be attached to such policies, refer page no:97): The minimum sum insured shall be Rs 1 Crore in one or more locations and the sum insured shall not be less than Rs. 25 lakhs in at least one of these locations. It is necessary that the declared values should approximate to this figure at somet ime during the policy year. Monthly declarations based on a) the average of the values at risk on each day of the month or b) the highest value at risk during the month shall be submitted by the Insured latest by the last day of the succeeding month. If declarations are not received within the specified period, the full sum insured under the policy shall be deemed to have been declared. Reduction in sum insured shall not be allowed under any circumstances. Refund of premium on adjustment based on the declaration/cancellation shall not exceed 50% of the total premium. In case the total sum insured at the risk including 50% of the declared sum insured for declaration policy exceeds Rs. 50crs, the risk will qualify for claim experience discount / loading. (Letter no. Fire/453[591] dtd 23/05/01) The basis of value for declaration shall be the Market Value anterior to the loss. It is not permissible to issue declaration policy in respect of Insurance required for a short period. Stocks undergoing process. Stocks at Railway sidings. If after occurrence of any loss it is found that the amount of last declaration previous to the loss is less than the amount that ought to have been declared, then the amount which would have been recoverable by the insured shall be reduced in such proportion as the amount of said last declaration bears to the amount that ought to have been declared. FLOATER DECLARATION POLICIES 1. Floater Declaration Policy (ies) can be issued subject to a minimum sum insured of Rs 2 Crores and compliance with the Rules for Floater and Declaration Policies respectively except that the minimum retention shall be 80% of the annual premium. 2. Special rates under Floater Declaration policy granted for the stocks of Central Warehousing/ State Warehousing Corporation and Marketing Federation owned by State Govt. (Circular No. FT/4/2001 dtd 09/02/01) |a) |Standard Fire and Special Perils policy with the deletion of STFI and RSMD perils. |1. 25%o | |b) |Standard Fire and Special Perils policy with the deletion of STFI perils only. |1. 50%o | |c) |Standard Fire and Special Perils policy with the deletion of RSMD perils only. |2. 00%o | |d) |Standard Fire and Special Perils policy. |2. 5%o | 3. Coverage in respect of cover under single policy (floater Declaration policy) for stocks belonging to M/s Central warehouses Corporation lying in General Warehouses, container Fright Stations an d bonded Warehouses. Under insurance up to 15 should be ignored. However if the same exceeds 15% at any time the actual under- insurance should be taken into account for arriving at loss. The insured declare the values quarterly or half yearly or yearly basis within 90 days of the expiry of such periods subject to the consent of the Insurer. Special rates granted vide circular no. FT/4/2001should be applied. (Circular No. FT/9/2001 dtd 27/03/01) Earthquake rating under Floater policy – To compute the base rate by adding the rate for highest Earthquake zone involved to the highest rate otherwise applicable as per tariff provision before applying 10% loading to the same to arrive at premium rate applicable for floater policies covering Earthquake Peril. (Letter No. Fire / 14[1004] dtd 30/07/01). CLAIMS EXPERIENCE DISCOUNT/LOADING Risks having sum insured (on buildings and contents of all blocks in one compound of one complex in one location) above Rs. 50 Crores rateable under Sectio IV, V, VI &VII of this tariff shall attract claims experience discounts/loadings based on the incurred claims experience of all the policies covering the Insured’s interest for the preceding 36 months excluding the expiring policy period. (If there is any break in insurance, available 36 months experience shall be taken into account) as per the table given below. Incurred claim ratio for the preceding 36 months excluding |Discount |Lo ading | |the expiring policy period |(%) |(%) * | |Up to 5% |15 |- | |Above 5% & up to 10% |10 |- | |Above 10% & up to 15% |5 |- | |Above 15% & up to 30% |- |- | |Above 30% & up to 40% |- |2. | |Above 40% & up to 55% |- |5 | |Above 55% & up to 75% |- |10 | |Above 75% & up to 100% |- |15 | |Above 100% |- |To be referred to TAC | * On renewal of business either by an existing insurer or by a new insurer, a provisional loading of 15% must be charged in all cases where certified details of claims experience by respective insurers are not available. This loading shall be adjusted subsequently on receipt of the exact claims experience. NB: No claim experience discount to be allowed for (i) Silent risk (ii) Floater policy FIRE EXTINGUISHING APPLIANCES DISCOUNT The discounts as per the scale given below may be granted by the Insurers to detached or segregated (as per the Committees Building Regulations) blocks of the risks protected by Fire Extinguishing appliances rateable under Section III, IV, V, VI and VII of the Tariff [except for Floater and/or Floater Declaration Policy(ies)] subject to the following: System is erected and tested as per the relevant Regulations of the TAC and a certificate from LPA or TAC accredited Professional(s)/Professional agency (ies) confirming the efficacy of the system and its full compliance with the Committee’s rules is submitted by the Insured. Note: – Professional(s)/Professional Agency (ies) designing and/or installing the system themselves shall get the system certified by third parties. Pending accreditation of Professionals/Professional Agencies by TAC, Chairman IRDA/TAC, has approved that insurance companies can select Professionals /Professional Agencies satisfying the following norms, to certify FEA. Installation: For Professionals: a. Should be Graduate Engineer with 5 years experience in the Fire Protection field or Diploma Engineer with 10 years related experience. b. Should have handled at least 3 projects for which proposals submitted were approved and full discounts granted for the Fire Protection systems by T AC or Insurance Companies. Information in this connection should be provided to the Insurance Company in the following format: LIST OF PROJECTS HANDLED |Sr. No |Risk Name |Type of Fire Protection |Year of execution |Quantum of discount |Reference of letter(s) | | | |provided | |sanctioned by the Competent |advising such discount | | | | | |Authority | | | | | | | | | Note: Relevant documents (work order/job order/completion certificate) to be attached for verification by the insurance company. c. Expertise should be indicated in specific areas of Fire Protection (Hydrant/Sprinkler/Water spray system etc. ) For Professional Agencies: – a. Should have one or more professionals with requirements of 3 a), b) and c) above. b. The professional agency should be financially sound. Audited financial statements to be submitted for verification by the insurance company. General: (Applicable to both Professionals/Professional Agencies) 1. Selection of professionals/professional agency to be done only at the corporate office of, the insurance company. 2. Professionals/Professional agencies will not certify any installation in, which they are involved as suppliers, erectors, contractors or consultants. Insurers may be guided by the above-mentioned instructions. (Circular no. FT/4/2002 dtd 10/05/02) The installation is maintained in an efficient working order at all times and an Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) with an external agency is in force. Note:- Any agency other than the one involved in the installation of the system or a third party having up to date knowledge of maintenance of fire fighting equipment can be approached for AMC. | |Type of installation |Discount (%) | |(a) |Hand Appliance & Trailer Pumps/Fire Engines |2. | |(b) |Hand Appliances & Hydrant System |5 | |(c) |Hand Appliances & independent Sprinkler/Fixed Water Spray System |7. 5 | |(d) |Hand Appliances +Hydrant System & independent Sprinkler/Fixed Water Spray |10 | | |System | | RATING OF RISKS IN MULTIPLE OCCUPANCY INDUSTRIAL ESTATE Risks in Multiple Occupancy I ndustrial Estate shall be rated ‘Per se’. If the entire building of the Industrial Estate is insured under one sum insured, a rate of Rs. 1. 80%o shall be chargeable to ‘building’. 19. SILENT RISK Risks rateable under Sectio IV and V are allowed silent rates as per the following table |Factories where no manufacturing/storage activities are carried |Retention of the premium shall be based on the | |out continuously for 30 days or more. |appropriate storage rate or silent risk rate of | | |Re. 1. 00%o whichever is higher. | The silent rates are not applicable if a risk goes silent following a loss under the policy. Note 1: – Risks becoming silent shall not be entitled to any discounts. Note 2: STFI/ RSMD deletion is available for â€Å"Silent risk†. 20. Voluntary Deductibles On